Camelina reaches maturity when the siliques change color from lemon-yellow to brownish. At this stage, seed moisture is generally between 8 and 10%. They detach easily from their shells under light manual pressure.

At this stage, it is crucial to intervene quickly, and harvesting should ideally be carried out within 7 to 10 days to limit dehiscence losses.

To guarantee good seed conservation and optimal storage conditions, humidity at harvest must not exceed 9%.

In the presence of fresh impurities (green matter), we recommend pre-sorting within 24 hours of harvesting, to limit temperature rise and reduce overall batch humidity.

If, after sorting, humidity remains above 9%, drying is necessary to avoid risks of deterioration (heating, fungal development, etc.).

Please note: under a contract with SAIPOL, the impurity content must not exceed 2%.

The graph below illustrates the evolution of seed moisture as a function of color.

As camelina is a small-seed crop, it is essential to adapt combine settings and forward speed (ideally between 3 and 4 km/h) to limit losses.

Main recommended settings:

• Cutterbar: adjust the height just below the lowest siliques to minimize losses at the base.
• Reel: moderate speed, between 600 and 700 rpm, to limit silique breakage.
• Thresher / concave: initial spacing of 15 to 20 mm. Start with a setting similar to that used for cereals. If unthreshed whole siliques are found in the hopper, slightly increase the beater speed or reduce the spacing between beater and concave.
  • Sieves :
    • Lower sieve: as closed as possible.
    • Upper sieve: initial opening 20%, to be adjusted according to sorting quality and throughput.
• Ventilation: very low air flow to avoid losses, as camelina seeds are very light.

A combine adjustment guide published by SAIPOL with recommendations from Nicolas Thibaud is available on request.

A video is also available:

Swathing mainly concerns camelina crops grown as summer catch crops. At maturity, the crop is generally upright, which makes swathing much easier. Before mowing, it is imperative to ensure that the weather conditions over the next few days will be dry, in order to guarantee proper drying of the swath and avoid any delay in harvest recovery.

In fact, swathing should ideally take place 4 to 6 days after mowing, to avoid increasing losses and degrading seed quality.

This practice has three main objectives:

• Bring forward the harvest date, with an estimated gain of around 10 days in October;
• To improve harvest quality, by enabling faster drying of the seeds in the swath;
• Reduce weed infestation at the end of the cycle.

The plot is ready to be swathed when around 75% of siliques have turned yellow, corresponding to a seed moisture level of around 30%, generally reached 2 to 3 weeks after the last flower.

The cutting height should be just below the lowest siliques (i.e. between 15 and 20 cm) to ensure good aeration of the swath.

It is strongly recommended not to turn the swath, in order to limit ginning losses.

The swath is then harvested using a combine harvester, around 4 to 6 days after mowing, once drying conditions are optimal.

However, in most situations, their presence is limited to minor damage, with no significant impact on camelina development. Also of note is the possible presence of slugs, which can cause damage at the start of the cycle.

Camelina can be attacked by crucifer flea beetles, or small flea beetles(Phyllotreta spp.). This small, black or bicolored beetle (black with a longitudinal yellow stripe on each elytron) measures between 2 and 2.5 mm and is characterized by its swollen hind legs, which enable it to jump.

Damage takes the form of numerous circular bites about 1 mm in diameter, with or without holes, on the cotyledons and leaf blades.

Although camelina belongs to the Brassicaceae family, it is much less attractive to flea beetles than rapeseed or mustard. So, barring exceptional situations, whether as a main crop or as a summer cover crop, no chemical intervention is generally necessary.

Adult crucifer beetles(Brassicogethes sp.) measure between 1.5 and 2.5 mm. They are flattened and shiny black with a metallic sheen, sometimes tinged with green. Their antennae are black, while their legs, which are short and often barely visible from the back, are black or reddish depending on the species.

Meligethes can only be found on camelina grown as a main crop. Only adults are responsible for damage. They perforate flower buds in search of pollen, notably damaging the pistil.

These perforations can lead to floral deformation, or even flower abortion in the case of early and sustained attacks. However, as soon as the first flowers appear, the level of damage diminishes sharply.

Overall, damage remains limited and has no significant impact on yield, as camelina is not very attractive to this insect. Therefore, except in exceptional situations, no chemical intervention is required.

Slugs can be a nuisance during crop emergence. Their activity depends more on surface moisture conditions than on the population density present in the plot.

Hollow or cloddy soils, as well as those containing undecomposed crop residues, provide a particularly favorable environment for their development.

In the absence of tillage, as is often the case when camelina is planted as a summer catch crop, slug activity can be significant in wet conditions.

If slugs are present, and if the climate maintains a certain surface coolness at the time of sowing, it is advisable to apply a preventive slug-killer in the field, just after sowing.

Whether grown as a main crop or as a summer catch crop, camelina shows the same behavior in the face of these diseases and parasites.

Camelina can be affected by clubroot, a disease caused by the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. This is a telluric disease with a host range extending to most species of the Brassicaceae family, including crops such as rape, turnip, cabbage and mustard.

Hernia can also infect certain weeds belonging to this family, such as ravenella, shepherd's purse or sanvia, all of which are potential reservoirs for its spread. Contamination occurs via mobile spores in the soil which, thanks to free water, penetrate the absorbent hairs of camelina roots and induce infection.

The main symptoms visible on the aerial parts are a temporary wilting of the foliage, particularly on hot days, and a slowdown in growth.

When affected plants are pulled up, the roots show characteristic deformations and swellings known as galls. These galls are responsible for the aerial symptoms, as they interfere with the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Initially firm and white on the inside, they gradually turn brown before cracking.

There are currently no effective chemical control methods. The development of the disease is favored by poor drainage of the plot, as well as by the absence of liming on acid soils. Once established, the disease persists in the soil, with spores remaining viable for up to 15 years. We therefore strongly advise against planting camelina on a plot known to be contaminated by this pathogen. Below is a map showing plots infected by clubroot, as reported online on the Terres Inovia website. https://www.terresinovia.fr/-/enquete-hernie-des-cruciferes

Mainly grown as a summer catch crop, camelina can be affected by mildew at the end of the cycle. This is the foliar disease most frequently observed on this crop, although its severity generally remains low and does not justify fungicide intervention.

Infection can be either localized or systemic. Symptoms observed on camelina include grayish-white mycelial growth on the underside of leaves, stems and siliques. Heavily affected plants may show distorted, twisted or bent growth.
The development of mildew is favored by temperatures between 15 and 23°C, combined with rainy spells generating high humidity, an essential condition for the spread of the disease.

White rust symptoms on camelina are similar to those observed on other crucifers. They take the form of white, powdery pustules, containing sporangia (reproductive structures), on the underside of leaves. At a more advanced stage, hypertrophied siliques or deformed inflorescences can also be observed.

Optimum development of the disease occurs between 10 and 18°C, with relative humidity above 90%.

It can be confused with mildew. However, it is possible to differentiate the two diseases by their symptoms: in the case of white rust, pustules are larger, well-defined and clearly visible, while mildew manifests itself through more diffuse spots and a more "powdery" appearance, linked to the presence of mycelium.

On camelina, mildew is observed more frequently than white rust.

Other diseases have been observed on camelina, but their harmfulness is so low as to warrant no intervention in the crop. These include sclerotinia(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), botrytis(Botrytis cinerea) and alternaria(Alternaria brassicae).

Orchardgrass is a non-chlorophyllous parasitic plant, present as seeds in the soil. They can only germinate in the presence of molecules emitted by the roots of certain plants, before attaching themselves to the latter.

It is capable of parasitizing many plant species, both winter and spring crops (rapeseed, hemp, tobacco, melon, sunflower, tomato...as well as camelina) and weeds (ammi majus, bedstraw, geraniums, erodium, cauliflower...).

Orchardgrass is highly invasive.

• It is capable of producing thousands of tiny seeds (0.2-0.3 mm) per plant, easily spread by wind, animals, farm machinery and so on.
• Seeds can live up to 10 years in the soil, and are resistant to passage through the digestive tract of animals.
• It has a very broad host spectrum (crops, weeds) and can synchronize its cycle with that of its host.
• It thrives in a wide range of pedoclimatic conditions.

Chemical or biocontrol methods are not currently authorized in France, and/or are ineffective in providing protection against stunted broomrape.

We therefore strongly advise against planting camelina on a plot known to be infested with stalked broomrape. Below, a map showing plots infected by stalked broomrape, identified following declarations made online on the Terres Inovia website. https://www.terresinovia.fr/web/guest/-/enquete-de-surveillance-orobanche-rameuse-participer-et-visualiser-les-zones-a-risque

However, given the limited number of approved chemical solutions for weed control, both against grasses and broadleaf weeds, it is advisable to plant it in a clean, weed-free plot at the time of sowing.

It is also advisable to avoid situations of high weed pressure, particularly in the presence of resistant grasses or particularly invasive species such as mugwort(Ambrosia artemisiifolia).

Weed pressure

In 2024, agronomic monitoring was carried out on camelina plots planted as summer catch crops. The graph below shows significant to total weed cover on around a quarter of the areas observed. The main weed species observed were :

• Crop regrowth: barley and peas
• Annual broadleaf weeds: goosefoot, mercurial, bindweed, barnyard grass, ragwort, etc.
• Perennials: thistles

The graph below illustrates the level of weediness observed in camelina plots planted with summer cover crops, according to the type of previous crop. It shows that weed control is more complex after winter peas, notably due to the presence of pea regrowth and broadleaf weeds.

Weed pressure is one of the main limiting factors identified in the 2024 plot monitoring program, and weed management is therefore a key factor in ensuring crop success.

Weed management levers

First and foremost, it's important to choose a plot with a low risk of weed infestation, as control levers are limited during summer intercropping. To limit the risk of weed infestation, it's important to choose suitable crop successions, alternating spring and winter crops.

Beyond the choice of plot, it's important to sow camelina on clean soil. If weeds are present at harvest time, they can be managed by stubble ploughing, or with a total herbicide if camelina is direct-seeded.

Finally, there are a number of registered herbicides available for chemical weed control.

Below is a non-exhaustive list of authorized molecules (source: ephy-Anses and phytosanitary index):

Where winter cereals are grown before camelina, a herbicide treatment is essential in the event of heavy infestation of post-plant regrowth. To ensure optimum selectivity and maximum efficacy, the treatment should be carried out with a specific graminicide based on clethodim or quizalofop-P-ethyl, applied imperatively before the camelina resumes active growth (start of elongation).

If a herbicide is used in vegetation, whatever the product used, it must be applied before stem elongation begins, in order to limit any risk of phytotoxicity.

Mechanical weeding of summer catch crops is not relevant.

The choice of crop succession is an important lever in weed management: alternating winter and spring crops helps maintain low weed pressure on the plot.

As a main spring crop, camelina can be sown late due to its relatively short cycle length. This offers the opportunity to carry out several false sowings in spring, and reduce the weed population. Late sowing of camelina, which can be done as late as May, also makes it possible to avoid a large proportion of the spring weed flora, and create a real break in the rotation. The table below gives a non-exhaustive list of authorized control molecules (source: ephy-Anses and phytosanitary index).

If a herbicide is used in vegetation, whatever the product used, it must be applied before the start of stem elongation, in order to limit any risk of phytotoxicity.

As far as mechanical weed control is concerned, only one blind pass of the currycomb harrow can be used on the main crop. In post-emergence, the use of this tool is not recommended due to the high risk of pulling out plants.

Nitrogen nutrition

Nitrogen dose trials have been carried out. Camelina yield increases with nitrogen fertilization, until it reaches a plateau (see graph below - source: Malhi et al., 2013, Canada). This yield increase is explained by improvements in several components: the number of plants per square meter, the number of branches, the number of siliques per plant, as well as the number of seeds per silique. On the other hand, thousand kernel weight (MGW) does not seem to be affected (source: Agegnehu et al.1996, USA).

The optimum dose of nitrogen to be applied is between 80 and 100 units per hectare, depending on residues, corresponding to the economic optimum. For spring camelina, nitrogen can be applied in a single application just after sowing. However, it is possible to split the application according to the following recommendations: 30% of the dose at sowing, then the remainder at the rosette stage. For winter camelina, the application should be made when vegetation resumes before bolting.

In addition, the use of a sulfur fertilizer is recommended to ensure an application of 12 to 24 units of sulfur per hectare (source: Camelina Company).

Beware of excess nitrogen, which makes the crop more susceptible to disease, particularly albugo, and can accentuate the risk of lodging.
As nitrogen fertilization increases, so does the nitrogen content of the plant and the protein concentration of the seed. On the other hand, oil content and nitrogen use efficiency decrease (source: Malhi et al., 2013, Canada).

Concerning fatty acid composition, oleic and linoleic acid percentages increase with nitrogen dose, while linolenic acid percentage decreases. The concentration of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in the seeds also decreases (source: Magdalena Czarnik et al., 2027, University of Rzeszów, Poland).

Phosphorus and potash

Camelina has moderate phosphorus and potassium requirements. Inputs should be rationed throughout the rotation, based on soil analysis results. In a well-supplied soil, we recommend applying 40 units per hectare of phosphorus and 40 units per hectare of potash. These fertilizations can be carried out at any time during the intercropping period preceding camelina planting, or directly at sowing time.

Camelina is a cruciferous plant. It needs nitrogen from the start of its cycle to express its full potential right up to harvest.

Managing nitrogen fertilization depends on the previous crop. In the case of cereals, 40 units of nitrogen per hectare must be applied at sowing. It is strongly recommended to apply this fertilizer locally. No additional nitrogen should be applied during vegetation. Excessive nitrogen applications could lengthen the vegetative phase of camelina, delaying maturity.

Where peas are grown before camelina, the nitrogen residue is generally sufficient to ensure good camelina development. Therefore, nitrogen is not essential. However, an optional fertilization of 10 units of nitrogen per hectare at sowing can be considered.

No background fertilization is required.

The small size of the seed, with a GMP ranging from 0.7 to 1.8 g, represents a challenge for successful planting. Soil cultivation and sowing methods must provide a seedbed conducive to good contact between seed and soil, while limiting the impact of residues from the previous crop.

The success of camelina in summer intercropping depends largely on its rapid establishment. This crucial stage requires rapid, uniform and vigorous emergence. Everything must be done to ensure that the cycle is completed as quickly as possible, so that harvesting can take place at an acceptable date, maximizing the chances of harvesting camelina under favorable climatic conditions and having no impact on the following crop.

To maximize the chances of early emergence, it is crucial to choose a suitable crop precedent, enabling harvesting before July 10, the latest date for sowing camelina. The optimum sowing date is before the beginning of July. The most suitable crops are protein or canning peas and winter barley.

Previous pea crop

Sowing should be carried out as soon as possible after harvesting the previous crop, ideally within 24 to 48 hours, to take advantage of any remaining soil moisture.
Direct sowing with tines is strongly recommended. In the case of shallow stubble ploughing, do not go deeper than 3 cm to maintain soil moisture.

Seeding depth :

• Direct seeding: seed 3 cm deep
• Tilled seeding: seed 1-2 cm deep
• Surface seeding: not recommended

Regarding sowing density, we recommend sowing at 8 kg/ha with a row spacing of 12.5 - 15 cm, to aim for a stand of around 200 plants/m2.

If you have irrigation, we strongly recommend applying 10-20 mm just after sowing to boost emergence.

Previous winter barley

The only difference between winter barley and peas concerns harvesting, which should be carried out as high up as possible (between 25 and 30 cm).

It is important to remove the straw, as it can consume nitrogen as it decomposes, and adversely affect sowing quality by disturbing contact between the seed and the soil.

Straw should also be evenly distributed over the entire surface.

All other recommendations for planting remain identical to those applied to previous peas.

Sowing should be carried out in well-aerated, uncompacted soil. Due to the small size of its seeds, camelina requires particularly careful, fine and well-reconsolidated seedbed preparation. Tillage should aim for a homogeneous profile, with no marked areas of compaction, and a surface area comparable to that required for rapeseed sowing.

For spring camelina, the soil should be worked when it is well drained. To reduce the risk of soil compaction, we recommend reducing the number of tractor passes as much as possible, and favouring the use of combined implements. Rolling prior to sowing can be considered to even out the seedbed and ensure good contact between the seed and the soil, a condition favorable to successful germination.

Sowing takes place between late March and early April, using a cereal drill with a narrow row spacing (12.5 to 15 cm). The recommended sowing density is 5 kg/ha, aiming for a minimum population of 200 plants/m². Sowing depth should be between 1 and 1.5 cm. If required, seeds can be mixed with sand or semolina to facilitate even distribution.

The first criterion is to choose an early-harvested preceding crop, enabling camelina to be planted between June 20 and July 10, to guarantee a harvest before the end of October. The main candidate crops are winter peas and winter barley, but other early-harvested crops may also be suitable: canning peas, garlic, onions, etc.

The map below illustrates the importance of sowing early, showing the date at which maturity is reached for very short-cycle varieties according to different emergence dates. For example, for an emergence on July 1, camelina reaches maturity before October 10 throughout France, whereas for an emergence on July 8, it reaches maturity after October 10 in the northern part of France, and for an emergence on July 15, it reaches maturity after October 20 in almost the northern half of France.

Planting camelina after a legume (e.g. winter peas) is particularly interesting, as it allows you to limit or even do without nitrogen fertilization, thus reducing the ITK's operating costs.

Camelina grown as a summer catch crop is sensitive to the persistence of certain herbicides, mainly those in group 2(^ALS1 inhibitors) with herbicides from the sulfonylurea family such as metsulfuron, mesosulfuron, etc., as well as imazamox (applied to winter peas). It also appears to be sensitive to group 14 herbicides (^PPO2 inhibitors such as bifenox) and group 32 herbicides (solanesyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors, includingaclonifen, applied to winter peas).

There is therefore a risk of phytotoxicity (leaf discoloration, foot loss, etc.) for camelina when these herbicides are applied in spring to the main crop, a risk that is all the greater in dry conditions, when applied late and when there is little or no tillage between the harvest of the main crop and the planting of camelina. Despite this, the effects of these herbicides can vary according to a number of factors (rainfall, soil type, tillage, date and dose of application, etc.) and are still poorly understood and quantified.

Camelina is a well-established crop that competes well with weeds. In spite of this, weed pressure remains one of the main limiting factors for camelina as a summer catch crop, so it's vital to use every possible means to manage weeds effectively.

We recommend choosing a weed-free plot at sowing time. If weeds are present when the main crop is harvested and you wish to direct seed, a glyphosate pass may be useful to manage weeds before seeding.

^1ALS: acetolactate synthase
^2PPO: protoporphyrinogen oxidase

For example, Bayer recently acquired camelina germplasm from the Canadian company Smart Earth Camelina, in order to diversify into the biofuels sector.

A major challenge in breeding varieties suitable for catch crops is to develop very short-cycle varieties.

There are winter varieties and spring varieties (but in areas where the climate is mild - winter temperatures do not exceed -10°C - spring varieties can also be planted in autumn). Recent breeding efforts have focused on spring-type varieties.

Here is a non-exhaustive list of existing varieties:

It is often combined, especially with lentils, to act as a support and help manage weeds. In this case, camelina is sown at a fairly low density, so its yield is lower than pure yield.

It can also be grown as a pure crop, in autumn or spring, and is an interesting option for integrating a cruciferous crop into organic rotations. It is particularly useful for weed management: with its short cycle, it can be sown very late in the spring, thus breaking the weed cycle and allowing several false sowings in the spring.

If planting conditions are favorable, camelina develops rapidly and is highly competitive with weeds. If not, however, camelina becomes a very messy crop, as it is difficult to use mechanical tools (risk of stubble formation, particularly with the harrow).

Farmers' testimonials also reveal a potential allelopathic effect of camelina, which to our knowledge has not yet been demonstrated in the field.

The camelina produced organically is mainly used as edible oil, or in the cosmetics sector, while the oilcake is used in animal feed.